Peristalsis is a type of muscular contraction characteristic of the gut and consists in waves of contraction, these running along the muscles, both circular and longitudinal, towards the anus.

If the food is fluid it enters the stomach six seconds after the beginning of the act, but If It is solid it takes much long er, up to fifteen minutes, to pass down the esophagus.

In the stomach the food is thoroughly mixed by the series of contractions, three or four a minute, the contraction waves pass ing from the middle of the stomach to the pylorus. These tend to drive the food in the same direction, but the pylorus being closed, there is axial reflex, owing to which the food is well mixed. After a time – a bout a minute when water has been swallowed – the pylorus relaxes at each wave, allowing some of the stomach contents to enter the duodenum. Fat stays in the stomach longer than carbo hydrate, but all food leaves generally in three or four hours. In the small intestine the food continues to be moved by peristalsis, the latter controlled by the deep nerve plexus. The small intestine undergoes segmentation movements, the food contents being thoroughly mired The wall becomes constricted into a number of segments and then about five seconds later the constrictions disappear, there being another set exactly out of phase with the first. The large intestine undergoes infrequent powerful contractions, food having entered it. From the large intestine the food enters the rectum.

New words

fuels – топливо

carbohydrates – углеводы

fats – жиры

proteins – белки

diet – диета

principal source – основной источник

energy – энергия

glucose – глюкоза

immediate – непосредственный

use – использование

is converted – преобразован

glycogen – гликоген

stored – сохраненный

liver – печень

sugar – сахар

adipose – животный жир

excess – избыток

utilized – используемый

empty – пустой

essential – основа

growth – рост

rebuilding – восстановление

acids – кислоты

amino acids – аминокислоты

contractions – сокращения

pylorus – пилорус

direction – направление

axial reflex – осевое отражение

Past Continuous Tense (Past Progressive Tense) (действие в процессе, совершалось в определенный момент или протекало в течение четко ограниченного периода времени в прошлом).

Спряжение глагола to work в Past Continuous Tense Таблица 12

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глголы в Present Continuous или Past Continuous.

1. I (to write) an English exercise now.

2. I (to write) an English exercise at this time yesterday.

3. My little sister (to sleep) now.

4 My little sister (to sleep) at this time yesterday.

5. My friends (not to do) their homework now. They (to play) volley-ball.

6. My friends (not to do) their homework at seven o'clock yesterday. They (to play) volley-ball.

7. You (to eat) ice-cream now?

8. You (to eat) ice-cream when I rang you up yesterday?

9. What your father (to do) now?

10. What your father (to do) from eight till nine yesterday?

11. Why she (to cry) now?

12. Why she (to cry) when I saw her yesterday?

13. She (to read) the whole evening yesterday.