New words

gastrointestinal tract – желудочно-кишечный тракт

associated – связанный

collectively – все вместе

digestive system – пищеварительная система

responsible – ответственный

receiving – получение

food – пища (еда)

breaking – ломка (нарушение)

using – использование

enzymes – ферменты

intestinal tract – кишечный тракт

absorption – поглощение

eliminating – устранение

undigested – неусвоенный

metabolic wastes – метаболические

alimentary – отходы

extends – пищевой

anus – задний проход

tube – труба

tract – трактат

round – вокруг

esophagus – пищевод

diaphragm – диафрагма

abdominal – брюшной

pylorus – пилорус pyloric

sphincter – пилорический сфинктер

coiled up – свернутый

Future simple tense (действие совершится в будущем)

Спряжение глагола to work в Future simple tense Таблица 9

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Continuous, Present Simple или в Future Simple.

1. When you (to get) up every day? – I (to get) up at seven o'clock.

2. My brother usually (not to get) up at seven o'clock. As a rule, he

(to get) up at six o'clock, but tomorrow he (to get) up at seven o'clock.

3. Why she (to come) home so late to morrow?

4. We (to go) to the country the day after tomorrow.

5. Our friends always (to go) to the country for the week-end.

6. Look! The kitten (to play) with its tail.

7. Your parents (to watch) TV now?

8. My sister (not to rest) now. She (to help) mother in the kitchen. She (to help) mother in the kitchen every day.

9. Where she (to go) tomorrow?

10. She (to go) to the country with us tomorrow?

11. They (to stay) at home tomorrow.

12. What you (to do) now? I (to see) that you (not to read).

13. When you (to finish) your homework? It (to be) very late, it (to be) time to go to bed.

14. How you usually (to spend) evenings?

15. What you (to do) in the country next summer?

16. They (not to drink) ten now. I (to think) they (to watch) TV.

17. What your father (to drink) in the evening?

Answer the questions.

1. How are the gastrointestinal tract and associated organs collectively called?

2. What is the digestive system responsible for?

3. Where does the alimentary canal extend?

4. What shape do the alimentary canal have?

5. Has the tract a very good blood sup ply?

6. Why the tract has a very good blood sup ply?

7. What is behind the nose and the mouth?

8. What leads from the pharynx?

9. Under what does the stomach lie?

10. How does the shape of the stomach vary?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences). Find the verb to be in the text. Explain why it is used in such a way?

The process of digestion begins when food is taken into the mouth. Chewing Ы-еаго the food into smaller pieces, thereby exposing more surfaces to the saliva. Saliva itself has a double function. It moistens the food, so facilitating swallowing, and it contains the enzyme which begins the conversion of carbohydrates into simple sugars.

Although enzymatic action begins in the mouth, the major processes of digestion do not occur until the food passes down through the esophagus into the stomach. The stomach has both a chemical and a physical function. The walls of the stomach, which are protected by a layer of mucus, secrete gastric juices composed of several enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The most powerful enzyme is pepsin, which begins the process of converting proteins into amino acids. In addition, during these chemical reactions waves of contraction; and relaxation, known as peristalsis, move the walls of the stomach. They turn the food particles into a'semi-sqlid mass known as chyme.