Medium veins in the range of 1-9 mm in diameter have a well – developed intima, a media consisting of connective tissue and loosely organized smooth muscle, and an adventitia (usually the thickest layer) composed of collagen bundles, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle cells oriented along the longitudinal axis of the vessel. Venous valves are sheet-like outfoldings of endothelium and underlying connective tissue that form flaps to permit unidi rectional flow of blood.

Large veins, such as the external iliac, hepatic portal, and vena ca-vae, are the major conduits of return toward the heart. The intima is similar to that of medium veins. Although a network of elastic fibers may occur at the boundary between the intima andmedia, a typical internal elastic membrane as seen in arteries is not present. A tunica media may or may not be present. If pre sent, smooth muscle cells are most often circularly arranged. The adventitia is the thickest layer of the wall and consists of elastic fibers and longitudinal bundles of collagen. In the vena cava, this layer also contains well-developed bundles of longitudinally oriented smooth muscle.

New words

vein – вена

low-pressure – низкое давление

to have – иметь

collagenous – коллагеновый

elastic – упругий

although – хотя

walls – стенкы

coun terparts – копии

unlike – в отличие от

exten sions – расширения

intima – интима

to prevent – предотвратить

reflux – рефлюкс

sheet-like – подобный листу

inflammation – воспламенение

because – потому что

longitudinal – продольный

flaps – откидные створки

external – внешний

iliac – подвздошный

hepatic – печеночник

Запомните следующие застывшие словосочетания:

To have a good time From _ morning till night All _ day long

A lot of

Перед названиями университетов артикль не употребляется.

E. g. I shall study at _ St. Petersburg University.

My grandfather graduated from _ Oxford University

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. Did you have… good time in the country?

2. Oh yes… weather was fine.

3. We were out of… doors from… morning till… night.

4. We played… football,… volley-ball and… other games.

5. We саше… home late at… night and went to… bed at once.

6. Look at… clock! It is… quarter past ten. Go to… bed at once.

7.. sun rises in.east and sets in. west.

8. We spent last summer in. Ukraine.

9. We often went to. wood and gathered lot of… mushrooms.

10. My friend likes to play… chess. He is ready to play… chess all… day long.

11. Willi comes from… very old country on… Nile. It is called… Ethiopia.

12… Ethiopia is… beautiful mountainous country.

13. Nick is… young man. He wants to become… engineer.

14. Very often in… evening his new friends and he walk about… city talking about their native countries.

15. Marina lives in. Ukraine.

16. She lives in… small village near… Kiev.

17. She is… librarian. In summer she has… lot of work work.

18. I want to enter. Moscow University.

19. My Friend lives in… America

20. He studies Indies… history at… Harvard University.

Answer the questions.

1. What are veins?

2. In general do veins have more collagenous connec tive tissue?