Transport by the blood to the pulmonary capillary-alveolar membrane.

CO_>2 diffusion across the capillary-alveolar membrane to the air spaces of the alveoli. Ventilation – the transport of alveolar gas to the air. Functional components: Conducting airways (conducting zone; anatomical dead space).

These airways are concerned only with the transport of gas, not with gas exchange with the blood.

They are thick-walled, branching, cylindrical structures with ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells, smooth muscle cells. Clara cells, mucous glands, and (sometimes) cartilage.

Alveoli and alveolar septa (respiratory zone; lung parenchyma).

These are the sites of gas exchange.

Cell types include: Type I and II epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages.

The blood-gas barrier (pulmonary capillary-alveolar membrane) is ideal for gas exchange because it is very thin (‹0,5 mm) and has a very large surface area (50-100 m2). It consists of alveolar epithelium, basement membrane interstitium, and capillary endothelium.

New words

respiratory – дыхательный

structurally – структурно

functionally – функционально

adapted – приспособленный

efficient – эффективный

transfer – перемещение

gases – газы

ambient – окружающий

air – воздух

bloodstream – кровоток

airways – воздушные пути

alveoli – альвеолы

blood vessels – кровеносные сосуды

lungs – легкие

chest – грудь

diaphragm – диафрагма

the systemic blood vessels – системные кровеносные сосуды

red blood cells – красные кровяные клетки plasma – плазма

respi ratory control neurons – дыхательные нейроны контроля

brainstem – ствол мозга

sensory – сенсорный

motor connections – моторные связи

ventilation – вентиляция

transport – транспортировка

environment exchange – окружающая среда

surface – поверхность

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there is – there are

it is – they are

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